preamble
preamble
How looked Aleksandrodsk-Grushevski on the eve 1917?
There were years, the number of the inhabitants Aleksandrodsk-Grushevski grew, and the shape of city, in essence, remained former.
The owners of mines and factories did not think at all of an accomplishment of city. City' Duma also nothing did in this direction. In city, almost completely there was no public service. In whole city, there was one public bath on 55 places. During existence of city, only a few streets were stacked by a cobblestone, where the houses of the businessmen, officials, merchants settled down. In other parts of city and in all mine settlements there was impassable dirt.
In spite of the fact that the first line of water pipe from Don was stretched in 1915, water in city, is especial in miner's settlements did not suffice, and the population used substandard earth water.
The miner's settlements were glorified as the centers of cholera diseases. Density of the population and general unsanitary conditions resulted in often diseases and distribution of epidemics. In 1910 in city there was epidemic of a cholera, which has carried away many hundreds lives. On struggle with epidemic the city' authorities have assigned only 500 rubles. This sum looked simply sneer at struggle with cholera.
However, in city the means for construction of bars and every possible pleasure institutions were generously released. In 1917 in city, there were only three small theatres and summer movie theatres. Per pre-revolutionary years in Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski there were two hospitals, some doctors, medical assistants, city shelter, up to 10 churches and a city garden incorporated in 1898 by the teacher Charyachukin.
Eternally half-drunk, the exhausted workers in conditions of infernal work in mines, quickly turned to the invalids doomed on hungry death, since the owners of mines did not render any help by the patient or injured. On the application of the widow of the miner Emelianov about the grant for children - teenagers, the administration of mine has answered: "Under the rules of a community, the pensions to the widows of the miners are not nominated".
revolution
revolution
and
and
civil war
civil war
1917 in Russia began by grandiose strikes and demonstrations in a case of 12 anniversary of January 9, 1905. On mines the rise of revolutionary movement began, the powerful wave of strikes and demonstrations has passed. The district engineer of the Voronegh - Don mining district informed the chief of Southeast mine management that local authorities of city Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski had lost any authority above the miners.
On March 3 Paramonov' mine the four-thousand meeting of the miners was held. The workers have disarmed police and gendarmes and have created militia.
On 3 4 March in Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski the elections to Soviet of the worker' deputies were held. It consists of 44 deputies, the majority from which was the social-revolutionaries. By the chairman of Soviet was elected P.F. Kalinin. Soviet was elected and on many mines - Paramonov, Churilin, Petropavlovski, ROPIT. Soon with Soviet of the worker' deputies Soviet of the soldier's deputies has merged. Uniform Soviet of the worker's and soldier's deputies was formed. Its first session was held on March 5.
Bourgeoisie, led by constitutional democrat Ponomarev, alongside with Soviet have formed Public committee. Therefore, in city there were two authorities. However, autumn of 1917 the situation has changed. Past in the beginning of October the elections of Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski' Soviet have ensured a victory to Bolsheviks.
October 16 Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski Soviet has accepted the resolution on transition of authority under control of Soviet. So the Soviet authority in city was established by a peace way.
On October 25, government of the general Kaledin has announced that all authority on Don it takes under control, and has forbidden coal export and bread for borders of region.
Executive committee of Soviet of Aleksandrodsk-Grushevsk takes the decision to create working management of mines. At the same time, the Military-revolutionary committee under presidency N. Kalmikov is creates.
So, the city Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski became "a red island" inside territory of Don' army, where began to be created groups of Red guards and national militia.
The general Kalefin has not accepted the Soviet authority and on the night 3 to December 4 the white guards has developed approach on Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski' - "Bolshevik's ulcer", so named city in that time. The city was engaged in Kaledin' armies, but by the end of December red guard groups moving through Voronezh and Kharkov, came to the Don region and have fastened fights with Kaledin' guard.
January 31 (February 13 on new style) 1918 19 hours, Red Guard groups are came in city. A. Mokrousov - the commander of group of the seamen of the Black Sea fleet, has given out to the miners more than 600 rifles.
However, on May the city again has passed in hands of white guards and German armies. May 4, 1918 published the order #7 for the signature of the general Fitzkhelaurov, saying about abolition on mines and in city of all organizations of the Soviet authority.
At the end of 1918 on mines of Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski there were strikes prepared by Bolsheviks. Many miners left mines. It has resulted that at the end of December, on the most part of mines of city there was nobody to work. About it the newspaper "The Don region" wrote: "the workers, owing to the heaviest material conditions: work, on large mines because of lack of work hands daily run up, stopped".
In 1919 the district engineer Aleksandrodsk-Grushevski of area in the official report to the director of the Don mountain department informed this pitiable condition of a coal industry too.
On 1 January, 1920, 9-th the army of the Soviet armies in area of station Likhaia has renewed approach against white guards.
In night from 4 on January 5, the parts of a horse brigade of D. Ghloba have entered city Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski: January 27 in city already creates Military - revolutionary committee, which has headed K. Chernokozov. On February 11, 1920, by decision of Donetsk region of revolutionary committee, the city Aleksandrodsk - Grushevski was renamed into Shakhty city.
So, its further development was determined.
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