event's chronicle

until 17-th

17-th - 20-th

20-th - 30-th

   case of 28-th

40-th

40-th - 50-th

60-th - 70-th

80-th - 90-th

98-th

preamble

preamble

XIV the congress of bolsheviks has proclaimed by a general line of a party a rate on industrialization of the country, on fullscale development of manufacture of means of manufacture. The solving of this task required cоmpleteness of development of a coal industry.

The importance of coal in development of all industry defined tasks of our city in performance of the decisions of congress, for the main manufacture of our city - coal. Per 1926-27 economic years 76 % of all production stone coal in the country gave of Donbass, 8 % of coal production in Donbass was given by our city with taking place beside mines. Or it can be presented in the following figures:

January 6, 1926 in city the assembly of a party active was held, on which the delegates who have come back from congress have acted. The report on the decisions XIV party congress was made by the secretary of District committee RKP/b/ K. Chernokozov.

The decisions of congress were discussed at assemblies of party organizations of mines.

The newspaper "Red Miner" not only explained to the readers of the decision of congress of a party and put concrete tasks before each mine, opened lacks of work, helped their elimination. In January, 1926 the newspaper prints large clauses under large headings: "For economy and socialist accumulation", "For improvement of state device", "Tasks of workers clubs in the decisions XIV congress of a party", "Fuel famine and our tasks".

The newspaper explained before the miners Donetsk-Grushevski management mine a task put before them for coming three months by сity party organization - to finish coal production in March, 1926 up to 200 thousand of poods per day against 136 thousand of poods of daily average coal production in December, 1925. It should mean increase of production stone coal from 3700 poods in January, with 4 bln. poods in February up to 5 bln. poods in March. On mines, which were included into structure Donetsk-Grushevski management mine, the task in 200 thousand poods per day was distributed as follows:

The task in 5 bln. poods (82 thousand tons) for March, 1926 is not a limiting boundary for mines Grusheski' management mine, it is an initial boundary for the large rise of a coal industry in our city.

During the construction of new mines still only began, the increase coal production could be begun only from mechanization of works on old mines.

In 1923 on mines of Shakhty-Donetsk district by mechanized way extracted only 6 % of all get coal, in 1925 - 14 %. It is only 126 thousand tons from 887 thousand tons of all getting coal on mines of a district.

All mechanization in essence was in cut of coal layer first machines (named vrubovi). In 1924 on mines Grusheski' management mine two old repaired machines of system CN-8 with monthly average productivity in 230 tons worked. In September, 1926 on mines same management mine worked already 8 machines productivity in 1311 tons. Mechanized coal cut made 33,3 %. June, 1927 mechanized coal cut made already 58,5 %.

Until 1927, machines have brought from abroad. In 1927 on mine "Proletarian dictatorship" was put in work first in our city domestic machine made Kramatorsk' factory. The domestic machines "DKT" and "GKT-2", and later advanced "GKT-З" have superseded foreign "Sullivan" and "Jeffrey". It has appeared on mines and first scraper. On three mines, conveyors made coal delivery. Only on one mine - "Artem" - was applied electric locomotive delivery. On all other mines on main passes pulled trolleys with the help of the horses. From ledge, the coal has lowered on iron sheets. From niche delivered coal on sledges, put on wheel, via narrow track. However, it is not everywhere. In the beginning of 1927 on mines Grusheski' management mine only 45 % extracted coal from niche was delivered "not manual draft" i.e. scrapers, on iron sheets and "mechanical sledges".

It is against 11 % in 1925. The begun technical reconstruction of old mines showed the increasing demand for the electric power. The mines received the electric power from power station on mine "Artem", where three were established turbine generators by capacity on 6OOO Kwt everyone. In work, there were usually two turbine generators, one stood in reserve. In reserve stood 2 turbine generators by capacity on 1000 Kwt on mine "October revolution". The machines were worn out, worked with an overload. The new powerful power station was necessary. By such power station also was power station "Artem". Constructions of it have begun in 1926. It was first large industrial building in our city. The construction was included into performance Lenin' plan of electrification of Russia (GOELRO), according to which, the construction of power station for supply by the electric power of a coal industry of Don in area of mine by Artem' have originally planned on use as fuel of a coal dust.

By fast rates the facilities and culture of our city rose. Pleased successes in rise of a coal industry of a Shakhty-Donetsk district:

Growth of coal production in comparison with prewar year is about 28 %. It is for 13 years from which 7 years of wars. During time of civil war, more than once lines of fronts crossed mine areas of Don. Against 1923 it is increase coal production in 2,5 times. The greatest successes are - in mechanization facilitating heavy work of the miners.

Those years far already from us not so much on time (75 years), but on those changes in life have passed which were made for this time as a result of work and struggle of the Soviet people, those years are complete of extraordinary daily difficulties for the Soviet people in overcoming economic and cultural backwardness.

City, in that time with the population in 40 thousand men, with ten large mines had the most primitive water pipe, which was not providing with water and half of the population. Near farmstead, Popovka on river Grushevka, terribly polluted, stood station with two pumps in 40 hp. and submitted water to a pressure head tower. The city water network was length all in 3850 m.

On Shakhty city council congress in July, 1926 the deputies told: " it is impossible in any way to do without drinking water, the population pays private suppliers of water till 5-10 kopecks for a bucket. The population lives in misery without water. It is necessary to settle distribution to the population of water drinking per day one - two hours".

In 1926 under the decision of Party district committee and district executive committee the construction of a new water pipe from the river of Don was begun. The Don water has come in our city in August 1928. In city the construction of a water first-order network in 22000 m. was developed. The important construction of those years was construction of new city hospital. The 18 of August, 1926 on waste ground, there, where in that time the street Shevchenko ended, occurred a solemn "driven the first nail" of hospital. January 21 1927 occurred solemn opening of hospital. On solemn opening of hospital, there has arrived the national commissioner of public health services N. Semashko.

The city grows on number of the population, extended is territorial or it is better to tell - mine settlements scattered around of city, were included in a city boundaries. In 1926 the construction of two-level houses of a new settlement "Miner" began.

The mine settlements have come in city with the old names. In August 1926 city council has accepted the decision on replacement of the out-of-date names of settlements and streets by the new names, about assignment of the names to new streets and lanes including in structure of city.

So, Aul #2 and "Bandovka" have renamed into a Red working settlement. Former "Burghuevka" has received the name of a settlement "Proletarian Dictatorship". Former Aul #1 and Madlinovka have incorporated to city streets. The names of them were cancelled. The streets have received them the names: by Podtelkova, Vokzalnaia, Pushkinskaia, etc. In new quarters near to mine "Krasnenkaia" the names to streets Gheliabova are given for the first time, Dzerghinskogo etc. In new quarters near of a brick factory again built up streets have received the names: Khalturin, Kaliaiev, Demianovskaia etc. Former Makarievski aul, where was located Makarievski mine renamed into mine by Vorovskogo, has received the name of a working settlement "Antrazitovi" with streets of October revolution, Krilenko, Lermontova and lanes under the name: Krasnogvardeiski, Labour, the 9-th of January and others. The settlement on Lisichkin' rock and at station Grushevka was named Krasnozarechni. Former "Svistovka" is renamed into a Country settlement. Names and central streets, places and lanes have left for ever in the past, together with old life. So old names were replaced:

In May, 1929 the All-Union congress of Sovetov, has ratified the first five years' plan of development of a national economy. The five years' plan for our city planned increase of coal production on three management mines in 1,5 - two times at the expense of input in build of the working enterprises of new mines - Komsomolskaia pravda, "New - Azov", "Neghdannaia"), and at the expense of mechanization.

In the first five-year plan it was planned mechanization coal cut to finish up to 49 % on all mines up to 95 %.

Perhaps, greatest difficulties, which we in that time tested in development of a national economy, so it that was no qualified staff working, the staff of the nonproduction workers, moreover, did not suffice the staff of the disciplined workers, for the arrival on mines of many people from villages has lowered labor discipline. Difficulties were much - there was no habitation, there were no skilled skilful organizers of culture and life of the workers, there were no also means for this purpose. It the bureaucrats, private, "nepmen" used (all the same surprising people - communists. - rem. SAM).

Under the items of information of city Council in 1929, in city from all population in 50055 men were in the age of since 19 years and is more senior - 25754 men. There are had suffrage 24132 men and 1322 men there were deprived of suffrages. From among last, 40 men employed a labor, 48 men lived on the not labor incomes (probably were engaged in that now name as business. - SAM). 845 men were engaged in private trade and intermediary, 42 - workers of a religious cult. From 24 thousand men with the suffrage, 8368 men were housekeepers, 430 men handicraftsmen, 1179 men peasants 956 unemployed.

From all voters - workers of an industry, conducting in city - coal, was 8285 men. All those conditions and reasons, which defined the large fluidity of a labour on mines, significant percent (up to 6,5 %) truancy of the workers. In 1931 on all managements mine the fluidity of a labour made 30 %. All this created exclusive instability, non-uniformity of coal production within one year.

So daily average coal production on months on mine "Petrovski" changed from 1105 tons in February, up to 690 tons in August, on mine "Frunze" - from 163 tons in January up to 69 tons in August, on mine "New - Azov" - from 283 tons in January up to 123 tons in August etc.

There were no qualified workers of the staff. In weight of working those years had common education within the limits of one - two classes of an elementary school, and that and in general were illiterate. By result that many workers were with very small baggage of knowledge or absolutely illiterate, result that all these workers had no any technical education delivered on mines the machine equipment was used not completely. Under the items of information Shakhty' city council in 1931 from 162 heavy machines was in work 128, from 41 easy machines worked 10, from 93 conveyor drives - 64, from 22 electric locomotives - 15.

Thus, the first five years' plan of development of a national economy has put before party and Soviet bodies, before all workers of a task of extreme complexity. It was necessary to build new mines, to build the new industrial enterprises, school, hospital, apartment houses. It was necessary to give people a tram, pave streets. It was necessary to give tens thousand people education, to prepare the staff of the qualified workers, engineer - technique workers. It was necessary to make all of this same time, and all of it was necessary to make it soon.

The reference of "Pravda" to all workers and employee (October, 1928) called communists and non-parties for expansion of self-criticism, to involving and active participation working in industrial meetings, to active use of all forms of mass involving of the workers and employees in socialist construction. One of such forms of active participation of broad masses of the workers in socialist construction, and together with this education of weights in spirit of socialism was the participation working in committees of trade unions mine, miner, lava', shop, daily etc.

It is items of information on 1931 by 21 mines. All workers are - 48700 men (it seems, here there can be a discrepancy: 1929 - population 50055 чел. - see above. - rem. SAM), from them of the members of trade union 34000 men in 1931 was elected in the members mine committee - 517 men, from them 284 men for the first time are elected. In lava's committees was elected 594 men including again is elected 348 men. Trade organizers is elected 3452 men including for the first time is elected 2511 men. In total was elected in trade-union committees and trade organizers 4563 men including for the first time is elected on trade-union work 3138 men, or about 10 % of all members of trade union working on mines.

With the purposes of preparation of the qualified staff of the working and nonproduction workers from a working class, Communists party has called the workers to study. Many worker in that time should begin from liquidation of the illiteracy - with help of likbez (liquidation of the illiteracy - Russian abbreviation).

From comprehensive schools, from schools of the illiterate people to go to study on work - faculty, classes of preparations in a technical school, in schools and on classes of mass working trades, in working university on courses of improvement of qualification, foremen, chiefs of work brigades etc.

In 1933, at schools of mass trades and on various classes were studied on enterprise "Shakhtanthracite" 9812 men. (from 48 thousand men of all workers and employees).

By result of this large hard work, which done within first five-year by workers of our city, the five-year plan was successfully and is prescheduled executed. Trust "Sahkhtanthracite" coal production in 1933 has achieved 2857 thousand tons.

It is against 1550 thousand tons in 1927-28 years. The number of working mines was entered mines "Krasin", "Komsomolskaia Pravda", "New - Azov", "Neghdannaia".

Large new building of first five-year was power station "Artem", capacity in 66 thousand kW / hour. Vlasovskaia hydroelectric power station has increased development of the electric power up to 11 thousand kW / hour (instead of 4 thousand kW / hour in 1926).

The small mines of artel "Fuel" have entered in work. The new industrial enterprises were mechanical, handcraft-mechanical, electromechanical, blacksmith-metalwork workshops (4 enterprises) with total number of the workers in 90 men. They are considerably conceded to mechanical workshops Vlasovka' mine-management (251 workers). The new enterprises were a refrigerator, meat-combine, bread manufactory on the Shevchenko street (75 workers), tree treating factory by name "2 five-year", lime factory, brick factory and workshop on repair of motor vehicles.

The large successes our city has achieved within first five-year in culture development.

In 1930 in our city there were 25 general educational children's schools and including 17 elementary schools (in that time they referred to as 1-st step) with 3911 pupils, 7 seven-year schools (they referred to as work-factory seven-yearsrs, mine-factory seven-years is at mines - and one in city - city' seven-year) with 4104 schoolboys and one high school (school of 2 step) in which studied 547 pupils. Total at 25 schools 8562 pupils studied. Let's compare it to 1927:

In initial classes of initial and seven-year schools per 1929-30 educational years 6087 pupils studied, in 5-7 classes of seven-year and one high school 2333 pupils studied, and at 8-10 classes at one school in 5 groups 144 pupils studied. Thus, the greatest increase both numbers of schools and number of the pupils was on a part of elementary schools. The obligatory general initial education was carried out.

The basic economic task of second five-year was end of technical reconstruction of all national economy. For our city it meant, first of all, end of technical reconstruction of old mines, and together with increase of coal production on mines of city by the end five-year twice. End of technical reconstruction of mine "Proletarian Dictatorship" should increase coal production with 250 thousand tons up to 550 thousand tons, mine "October revolution" with 350 thousand tons up to 550 thousand tons (per one year, certainly. - rem. SAM).

By 1934 the construction of mine "Neghdannaia" with capacity in 700 thousand tons came to an end completely.

The technical reconstruction of mines meant, first, mechanization of all processes of coal getting. On mines of Don coal area heavy vrubovi machines in 1931 was 162, in 1934 - 204, the jackhammers in 1931 were not any, in 1934 - 210 hammers, of electric locomotives in 1931 there were 22, in 1934 - 43 electric locomotives.

The task was to take possession of this new engineering.

For performance of this task, all conditions have created. The staff qualified, competent workers are created. On mines the technical intelligences (well, this language of the Soviet propagation! - rem. SAM) has come - from the workers. It has got stronger a material situation of the workers. All this also has resulted that in 1935 the socialist competition and good work was developed in new, higher form - form of Stakhanov's movement.

The beginning to Stakhanov's movement was started night on August 31, 1935 mine worker of Donbass Aleksey Stakhanov, exceeded for change technical norm in 14 times (for those who does not remember. - rem. SAM).

The coal getting grew with each day. In July the daily average production on mines of trust "Shakhtanthracite" made 20175 tons, in October of 22245 tons, in November - 24216 tons.

To December 30 to finish coal production of one year prior to 8 million tons including 96 % of coal production to give by the mechanized way.

To sustain monthly coal productivity on one coal worker more than 78 tons.

Here pertinently to remind, as the monthly average coal production on one worker for earlier years grew:

The monthly average coal production on one worker in 1936 has reached 23,58 tons. It is possible to result the data describing work of each mine for the period 1933-36.

Quantity of all working people on all mines has increased on 2000 men or on 13 %, the coal production has increased by 76 % or nearly almost on 2 mln tons.

The coal industry remained conducting branch of industrial manufacture in our city. In coal industry in 1936 was engaged about 18500 men. (it is not clear figure. See above - rem. SAM) workers and serving (except for 12 mines shown in the table, was more 4 small mines, different departments, on which worked about 1000 men).

All other industrial enterprises by number of the workers and employees engaged on them, did not make also fourth part of a coal industry.

So on TPS "Artem" worked up to 800 men. On Vlasovka' hydroelectric power station - 250 men. In Promkombinat - 460 men. On mine-repaering a factory - 400 men. In meatcombine - 800 men. At sewing factory - 270 men. At shoe factory - 245 men. At an iron factory - 80 men, at a tile factory - 80 men. And at other fineer enterprises, in repair, blacksmith-mechanical workshops etc. about 400 men. Only 3630 men.

Large construction in city, within second five-year, was the construction of a tram. In 1933 first line of a tram was put. The extent, on 1 January 1934, made - 14 kms, on 1 January 1939 - 22 kms.

In city 11 buildings for high schools, 3 level building of a Mining technical school, 3 level building Work-faculty, two-hall cinema "Native land", House of printing, 4 level building of hotel, 3 level building - apartment house of the electric system, 4 level house of city house management on the Soviet street were constructed. 3 and 4 level apartment houses are under construction in miner's settlements on mines "October revolution", Petrovski etc. first 4 level houses are under construction in Socgorodok. The city center has changed also.

Under the decision of the workers (it seems, that under the decision of communists - rem. SAM) kathedral church on the main place of city (now by Lenin - rem. SAM) have closed, is broken. On a place cleared of church constructions, shops, stone fencings, the square and at the centre it was broken, in 1938 the monument of Lenin was put.

Education level of the population grew most of all for the expense of development of school education. In 1939 there were 32 schools, including 11 elementary schools, 4 seven-year and 17 high schools in city.

Pupils in 1-4 classes was 11564 men, in 5-7 classes - 7446 men, at 8-10 classes - 2171 men. Only 21181 men in comparison c by 1929-30 academic year, the common number of the schoolboys at general educational children's schools has grown in 2,5 times. Thus the quantity of the schoolboys in 1-4-х classes has increased in 1,9 times, in 5-7 classes in 3 times and at 8-10 classes - in 15 times.

The development of an industry determined by itself both growth of the city population and changes, which occurred in structure of the city population. The city population has grown with 32 thousand men in 1923 up to 136 thousand men in 1939 (among 136 thousand men. All city population - 30 thousand inhabitants of a settlement "Artem").

Those changes, (which occurred in structure of the city population) reflected in structure of the deputies of city Soviet:

(data in the table given according to the documents city' museum. - rem. SAM)

The quantity and share in common structure of the deputies - workers on manufacture, members and candidates of a party, pupils and women has grown. All this parameters of growth of spiritual culture of the population are. The number of the deputies - householders has decreased. The women in mass now were engaged in work on manufacture, in establishments. It is not present handicraftsmen more. In 1929 among the deputies in city Soviet, there were 3 deputies from the unemployed. In 1920 there were 956 men of the unemployed in city. Now there are no unemployed. The structure of the deputies - employees has changed. Among the employee in 1939 there were 29 men, chiefs of party, Soviet, trade-union organizations, 11 chiefs of the enterprises, 19 engineers, 19 teachers (in 1929 among the deputies were 5 workers of education system), 6 doctors (in 1929 were 5 workers of medicine).

1940 - last prewar year.

The results of successful work for one year were made on December 21 on 1 a city meeting old mining guards. The old miners have addressed to young generation of the miners with the open letter, in which appealed to work better, to give to the country more anthracite, each day to remember, that the flame of war is burning already close at borders of the country.