preamble
preamble
Cities, as well as the people, have inherent only by them character, destiny. And, certainly, face. At one city face is bright, quickly remembered, at others Imperceptible, modest, original beauty.
Shakhty city is occupying a rather appreciable place among cities of Don' territory.
Nowadays, it is third on the population (after Rostov - on - Don and Taganrog) industrial center of region. It is the centre of East Donbass, largest among "coal" cities of Don. The population, today, exceeds of 249 thousand.
(Territory - 158,07 sq. km; an industry: obtaining and processing; 2762 enterprises; number working 90,6 thousand men; in material manufacture are engaged 66,0 thousand men; 35 thousand pupils; 1215 subjects of small business; 9 banks; 8 insurance companies; commercial and industrial chamber; urban transport: a tram, trolley bus, bus; road service station; railway station "Shakhtnaya" of North Caucasus railroad. Besides it there are: 4 higher educational institutions; regional college; pedagogical and medical schools; 41 comprehensive schools; Lyceum; 4 technical training colleges; 72 children's preschool establishments; 113 enterprises of household services; 25 medical establishments; 189 sports structures; 6 Children's sports schools; 14 sports youth clubs; Palace of sports; light athletic arena; tennis court; 4 palaces of culture; theatre; a musical college; 2 musical schools; children's school of arts; 24 libraries; historical museum; 10 local newspapers; 4 TV channels; 2 local broadcasting companies; radio studio; post office; telegraph).
It is city, a history of construction in the Don' territory of railway whence began. At last, it is city, which it was possible three years (since 1954 to 1957) to be the regional center existing then Kamensk' region too. It not mix with any other city of Don. Here there are no outstanding monuments of architecture, but high built in the sky (and half disorganized from time both re-structured and destroyed with the purposes of safety and improvement of ecological conditions. - rem. SAM) in different points of city mountains of breed of working mines, looks like landscape monuments to heavy, and up to now, miner's labor. In this city the people live, the product of which work brings to us in houses light and warm.
start
start
of building
of building
Long since, huge deposits of coal stored and our Don land stores. The production of "black gold" also has put a beginning of a history of our city.
In 1805, on a coast of the small river Grushevka, cossack Fedor Popov has put in farmstead, having moved from Biriuchiy Kut, place, where have begun to build new capital of Don' Cossacks - Novocherkassk city. Near to Popov has located army the foreman Vlasov. New farms have received names of the owners.
So have been arisen Popovka, Vlasovka. They have been register in village Krivianskaia and became primogenitors of city.
Soon, in 1809, foreman Popov has constructed the first mine of a pit type with manual lift, and his peasants became the first miners. The coal, extracted by them, has sent in Novocherkassk, for heating buildings and Cossacks barracks.
In 1810 the Popov' farmstead was sold on auction to the colonel Grekov, which has refused conducting an agriculture, and peasants has transferred to work in mine. Grekov has established a natural payment: the fourth part extracted coal remained with the miners, which were free to dispose received, at own discretion. It has not slowed down to have an effect on increase of coal production. The demand for new fuel too began to grow.
In 1817, cossack Semen Koshkin has constructed one more, large on those times, mine with horse draft. These years Don' army the heads was not engaged neither development, nor export coal. Coal manufacturers could pawn 2-3 pits in any places, at the own discretion. However, later, when the value of coal became already obvious, in 1836, the imperial decree establishing obligatory transfer of several sites has appeared on which found out coal deposits, in the property of army with indemnification to their owner in other places from a stock of army lands. Therefore, first coal manufacturers were only representatives cossack' of estate: Koshkin, Fomin, Levitski, Galushkin.
Later, coal production began to be interested with Army government. It has based some small mines, has organized supervision of coal production. In 1839, the account of coal production for the first time was entered. In the same year from lands of an Army Don have begun to be allocated special sites under mining business.
The development of shipping company by the Azov and Black seas, on Don required ever more fuel. Therefore, in the beginning of 40 years new rules about a mine craft in the field of an Army Don have issued. Agrees by it, each of the inhabitants of region could develop coal in one place up to a complete exhaustion of stocks. From the industrialists, for each pood of extracted coal, 2 kopecks for the benefit of an Army were raised.
In 1841, Army government, after visiting Grushevski' mines by ordered ataman Khomutov, has established a rule, according to which the lands under coal development were divided into sites no more 1,5 square saghen (about 4 sq. m). Between them there were no intervals, and that the new development of mines was made "quite by rules of mining art".
Year after on means of Sectoring board the exemplary vertical mine was incorporated. This mine exists until 1845, when on Don was totaled already 47 coal enterprises with annual production in 1200 thousand poods.
The contemporaries told, that in the markets of Rostov, Taganrog, Novocherkassk on Sundays stood much carts with Grushevski' anthracite. Grushevski coal delivered in Moscow too. Grushevski' district those years was on a first place in the country on coal made.
However, until 1856 in a mine craft on Don there are not anybody could be engage, except for Army Don' of inhabitants. In 1856 first have been issue governmental "Rules about the statement of the private companies for coal development on Don".
The real anthracite fever begin: many have directed for lots (sites under mining). In 1857 57 new lots, in the following 254 lots were allocated etc.
In October 1857 three kilometers from the river Grushevka, the Russian community of shipping company and trade (ROPIT - russian abbreviation) on a site in 4 sq. versts - about 5 sq. km. was incorporated the first mine "Hope", with depth 12 saghen. In 1862, the engineer Vagner incorporates mine "Pokrovskaya" (until 80 years of XX century - "Petrovskiy" - in the present is closed), in 1870 first coal was extracted here. The mines grew one for another. In 1859 on 37 working mines extracted about two millions poods of anthracite.
There were difficulties with delivery coal. In this case, there was a question on construction of the railway. In 1860-1864 years first was laid on Don the railway Grushevski' mines - village Aksaiskaya, extent 66 verst (about 70 km). Grushevski' coal has received an output to Don.
The further development of production Grushevcski' coals was promoted by new "Rule about a mining craft in land of Army Don".
In 1863 czar, Aleksander II has founded the special committee, which has developed "The Main bases for receipt of the people in mining works".
In 1864 new law on development of a coal industry of Don was accepted: "The Rule about a mining craft in land of an Army Don", which March 8, 1864 was authorized by zar. According to clause of 58-th rule, henceforth "to search to reconnoiter and to extract coal in village and owners of grounds, it is possible to suppose of all extraneous persons". Henceforth owners of mines of any mountain duty for the benefit of an Army Don did not pay.
Growing coal industry the constant labor was required. The authorities were interested in permanent residence of the miners. In this condition, under the law from October 3, 1867 was formed Grusevski a mountain settlement. In the law is told: "Grushevski mining settlement is considered : as mining city with all rights appropriated to cities in general".
With 90-th the years of 19 century, years of common boom connect also period of fast growth Grushevski settlement. In 1883 - already 20 thousand men lived more than 8 thousand at 1873 in it.
August 4, 1881 Grushevski the mining settlement was renamed into city Aleksandrovsk-Grushevski.
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